English

There is a Hyper-Greedoid lurking behind every Graphical Accessible Computational Search Problem solvable in Polynomial Time: $P \not= NP$

Computational Complexity 2025-02-11 v5

Abstract

Consider G[X]G[X], where GG is a connected, isthmus-less and labelled graph, and XX is the edge-set or the vertex-set of the graph GG. A Graphical Search Problem (GSP), denoted Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma), consists of finding YY, where YXY \subseteq X and YY satisfies the predicate γ\gamma in GG. The subset YY is a solution of the problem Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma). A sub-solution of Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma) is a subset YY' such that YY' is not a solution of Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma), but YY' is a solution of the problem Π(H[X],γ)\Pi(H[X'],\gamma), where XXX' \subset X and H[X]H[X'] is a contraction-minor of G[X]G[X]. Solutions and sub-solutions are the feasible sets of Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma). Let I\mathfrak{I} be the family of all the feasible sets of Π(G[X],γ)\Pi(G[X],\gamma). A Hyper-greedoid is a set system (X,I)(X, \mathfrak{I}) satisfying the following axioms. A1: Accessibility: if III \in \mathfrak{I}, there is an element xIx \in I such that IxII-x \in \mathfrak{I} A2: Augmentability: If II is a sub-solution, there is a polynomial time function κ:II\kappa: \mathfrak{I} \rightarrow \mathfrak{I} and there is a element xXκ(I)x \in X-\kappa(I) such that κ(I)xI\kappa(I) \cup x \in \mathfrak{I}. That is, every sub-solution can be augmented using a polynomial time algorithm akin to Edmond Augmenting Path Algorithm. Given a graph GG, the GSP MISP consists of finding an independent set of vertices of GG. MISP satisfies axioms A1 and A2. Using the P-completeness of the Decision Problem associated to MISP, we prove that every GSP that satisfies A1 is solvable in Polynomial Time if and only if it satisfies A2. On the other hand, let HCP be the GSP that consists of finding a Hamiltonian cycle of the graph GG. HCP satisfies A1, but does not satisfies A2. Since the Decision Problem associated with HCP is NP-Complete, we get PNPP \not = NP.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1802.03028,
  title  = {There is a Hyper-Greedoid lurking behind every Graphical Accessible Computational Search Problem solvable in Polynomial Time: $P \not= NP$},
  author = {Koko-Kalambay Kalafan Kayibi},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.03028},
  year   = {2025}
}