The purpose of this review article is to provide a bibliographical as well as evidence-based visual guide regarding the effect of ``Uncanny Valley'' (UV) and how it profoundly influences medical virtual reality simulation-based training. The phenomenon, where increasingly realistic virtual humans elicit discomfort due to subtle imperfections, is crucial to understand and address in the context of medical training, where realism and immersion are key to effective learning. Our research team, consisting of experts in computer graphics, virtual reality, and medical education, brings a diverse and multidisciplinary perspective to this subject. Our collective experience spans developing advanced computer graphics systems, VR character simulation, and innovative educational technologies. We have collaborated across institutions and industries to push the boundaries of VR applications in medical training.
@article{arxiv.2512.24240,
title = {The Uncanny Valley in medical simulation-based training: a visual summary},
author = {Eleni Grigoriou and Manos Kamarianakis and George Papagiannakis},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.24240},
year = {2026}
}