Recent studies reveal striking representational alignment between artificial neural networks (ANNs) and biological brains, leading to proposals that all sufficiently capable systems converge on universal representations of reality. Here, we argue that this claim of Universality is premature. We introduce the Umwelt Representation Hypothesis (URH), proposing that alignment arises not from convergence toward a single global optimum, but from overlap in ecological constraints under which systems develop. We review empirical evidence showing that representational differences between species, individuals, and ANNs are systematic and adaptive, which is difficult to reconcile with Universality. Finally, we reframe ANN model comparison as a method for mapping clusters of alignment in ecological constraint space rather than searching for a single optimal world model.
@article{arxiv.2604.17960,
title = {The Umwelt Representation Hypothesis: Rethinking Universality},
author = {Victoria Bosch and Rowan Sommers and Adrien Doerig and Tim C Kietzmann},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.17960},
year = {2026}
}