The trace Cayley-Hamilton theorem

In this expository paper, various properties of matrix traces, determinants and adjugate matrices are proved, including the *trace Cayley-Hamilton theorem*, which says that $$kc_k + \sum_{i=1}^k \operatorname{Tr} (A^i) c_{k-i} = 0 \qquad \text{for every } k\in\mathbb{N}$$ whenever $A$ is an $n\times n$-matrix with characteristic polynomial $\det (tI_n - A) = \sum_{i=0}^n c_{n-i} t^i$ over a commutative ring $\mathbb{K}$. While the results are not new, some of the proofs are. The proofs illustrate some general techniques in linear algebra over commutative rings.