The Thermodynamics of the Perfect Vapor

In this paper, heat and Carnot's working substance are defined respectively by the equations $E=3pV$ and $E=3/2pV$, relating the energy $E$, the pressure $p$ and the volume $V$ of these two corpuscular systems. The thermodynamic-kinetic theoretical analysis of their equilibrium reveals that the constraints imposed by the second law on the working substance are the consequence of the relativistic and the quantum taut constraints, respectively, $|v|\le c$ and $|\Delta p\Delta q|\ge h$, imposed on the motion of its molecules. It is further shown that the action of these restrictions is described by the ladder operators. By revealing the laws that rule the entropy formation mechanism, thereby explaining the time asymmetry, the present approach supersedes statistical mechanics. Furthermore, it establishes the epistemological chain connecting the laws of thermodynamics to the axioms of quantum mechanics, leading to yet another unorthodox interpretation of that theory.