English

The mean value of the digits of $1/p$

Number Theory 2026-07-15 v1

Abstract

Let p3p\ge 3 be a prime and b2b\ge 2 an integer such that pp does not divide bb. Then 1/p1/p has a periodic digit expansion with respect to the basis bb. The length ll of the period is the (multiplicative) order of bb mod pp. If ll is even, then the mean value of the digits of a period is just (b1)l/2(b-1)l/2. The case of an odd length ll is more interesting. If l=(p1)/2ml=(p-1)/2^m is odd, the mean value of the digits of a period was given previously. This mean value involves generalized Bernoulli numbers. However, it is not clear how this result can be generalized to an arbitrary odd length ll. In the present note we settle this case.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.13663,
  title  = {The mean value of the digits of $1/p$},
  author = {Kurt Girstmair},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.13663},
  year   = {2026}
}