The impact of scaffolding and question structure on the gender gap

We address previous hypotheses about possible factors influencing the gender gap in attainment in physics. Specifically, previous studies claim that male advantage may arise from multiple-choice style questions, and that scaffolding may preferentially benefit female students. We claim that female students are not disadvantaged by multiple-choice style questions, and also present some alternative conclusions surrounding the scaffolding hypothesis. By taking both student attainment level and the degree of question scaffolding into account, we identify questions which exhibit real bias in favour of male students. We find that both multi-dimensional context and use of diagrams are common elements of such questions.