The Grand Software Supply Chain of AI Systems
Abstract
AI systems rest on software with low integrity mechanisms, leaving AI systems exposed across every stage from data acquisition to final inference. This paper makes the AI supply chain a first-class object of analysis, decomposing it across four architectural layers: data acquisition, model training, model inference, and a cross-cutting substrate. Within these layers, we identify four structural gaps that traditional supply chain mechanisms do not address: verifiability, versioning, observability, and traceability.Current AI systems fall short on all of them: they carry undeclared behavioral couplings that no resolver enforces; they cannot be reverted back to known working assemblies; they degrade silently rather than surfacing breaking changes; and their lineage can hardly be approximated. To illustrate the scale of the software supply chain of AI, we measure a reference stack of 48 production-grade open-source projects, which declares 4,664 direct dependencies, resolves to 11,508 transitive packages, and totals roughly 392M lines of code.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2604.27781,
title = {The Grand Software Supply Chain of AI Systems},
author = {Carmine Cesarano and Martin Monperrus},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.27781},
year = {2026}
}