The global landscape of phase retrieval II: quotient intensity models

A fundamental problem in phase retrieval is to reconstruct an unknown signal from a set of magnitude-only measurements. In this work we introduce three novel quotient intensity-based models (QIMs) based a deep modification of the traditional intensity-based models. A remarkable feature of the new loss functions is that the corresponding geometric landscape is benign under the optimal sampling complexity. When the measurements $a_i\in \Rn$ are Gaussian random vectors and the number of measurements $m\ge Cn$, the QIMs admit no spurious local minimizers with high probability, i.e., the target solution $x$ is the unique global minimizer (up to a global phase) and the loss function has a negative directional curvature around each saddle point. Such benign geometric landscape allows the gradient descent methods to find the global solution $x$ (up to a global phase) without spectral initialization.