The definable content of homological invariants I: $\mathrm{Ext}$ & $\mathrm{lim}^1$

This is the first installment in a series of papers in which we illustrate how classical invariants of homological algebra and algebraic topology can be enriched with additional descriptive set-theoretic information. To effect this enrichment, we show that many of these invariants can be naturally regarded as functors to the category, introduced herein, of groups with a Polish cover. The resulting definable invariants provide far stronger means of classification. In the present work we focus on the first derived functors of $\mathrm{Hom}(-,-)$ and $\mathrm{lim}(-)$. The resulting definable $\mathrm{Ext}(B,F)$ for pairs of countable abelian groups $B,F$ and definable $\mathrm{lim}^{1}(\boldsymbol{A})$ for towers $\boldsymbol{A}$ of Polish abelian groups substantially refine their classical counterparts. We show, for example, that the definable $\textrm{Ext}(-,\mathbb{Z})$ is a fully faithful contravariant functor from the category of finite rank torsion-free abelian groups $\Lambda$ with no free summands; this contrasts with the fact that there are uncountably many non-isomorphic such groups $\Lambda$ with isomorphic classical invariants $\textrm{Ext}(\Lambda,\mathbb{Z})$. To facilitate our analysis, we introduce a general Ulam stability framework for groups with a Polish cover and we prove several rigidity results for non-Archimedean abelian groups with a Polish cover. A special case of our main result answers a question of Kanovei and Reeken regarding quotients of the $p$-adic groups. Finally, using cocycle superrigidity methods for profinite actions of property (T) groups, we obtain a hierarchy of complexity degrees for the problem $\mathcal{R}(\mathrm{Aut}(\Lambda)\curvearrowright\mathrm{Ext}(\Lambda,\mathbb{Z}))$ of classifying all group extensions of $\Lambda$ by $\mathbb{Z}$ up to base-free isomorphism, when $\Lambda =\mathbb{Z}[1/p]^{d}$ for prime numbers $p$ and $d\geq 1$.