English

The BSSN formulation is a partially constrained evolution system

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology 2015-05-13 v2

Abstract

Relativistic simulations in 3+1 dimensions typically monitor the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints during evolution, with significant violations of these constraints indicating the presence of instabilities. In this paper we rewrite the momentum constraints as first-order evolution equations, and show that the popular BSSN formulation of the Einstein equations explicitly uses the momentum constraints as evolution equations. We conjecture that this feature is a key reason for the relative success of the BSSN formulation in numerical relativity.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.0707.0339,
  title  = {The BSSN formulation is a partially constrained evolution system},
  author = {Adrian P. Gentle},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:0707.0339},
  year   = {2015}
}

Comments

8 pages, minor grammatical corrections

R2 v1 2026-06-21T08:54:35.401Z