This paper investigates efficient methods for utilizing text-only data to improve speech recognition, focusing on encoder-dominated models that facilitate faster recognition. We provide a comprehensive comparison of techniques to integrate text-only data, including modality matching and dynamic downsampling to reach text-level representations within the encoder. Our experiments on the LibriSpeech corpus show that a larger encoder with a smaller decoder can equal or surpass the performance of architectures with larger decoders. We demonstrate that simple configurations, such as random duration models, are often more effective than complex alternatives, significantly simplifying the training pipeline. All code and recipes are made publicly available.
@article{arxiv.2604.26514,
title = {Text-Utilization for Encoder-dominated Speech Recognition Models},
author = {Albert Zeyer and Tim Posielek and Ralf Schlüter and Hermann Ney},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.26514},
year = {2026}
}