Testing SSD Firmware with State Data-Aware Fuzzing: Accelerating Coverage in Nondeterministic I/O Environments

Solid-State Drive (SSD) firmware manages complex internal states, including flash memory maintenance. Due to nondeterministic I/O operations, traditional testing methods struggle to rapidly achieve coverage of firmware code areas that require extensive I/O accumulation. To address this challenge, we propose a state data-aware fuzzing approach that leverages SSD firmware's internal state to guide input generation under nondeterministic I/O conditions and accelerate coverage discovery. Our experiments with an open-source SSD firmware emulator show that the proposed method achieves the same firmware test coverage as a state-of-the-art coverage-based fuzzer (AFL++) while requiring approximately 67% fewer commands, without reducing the number of crashes or hangs detected. Moreover, we extend our experiments by incorporating various I/O commands beyond basic write/read operations to reflect real user scenarios, and we confirm that our strategy remains effective even for multiple types of I/O tests. We further validate the effectiveness of state data-aware fuzzing for firmware testing under I/O environments and suggest that this approach can be extended to other storage firmware or threshold-based embedded systems in the future.