Synthetic spectra and the cellular motivic category

To an Adams-type homology theory we associate a notion of a synthetic spectrum, this is a product-preserving sheaf on the site of finite spectra with projective $E$-homology. We prove that the $\infty$-category $Syn_{E}$ of synthetic spectra based on $E$ is in a precise sense a deformation of the $\infty$-category of spectra into quasi-coherent sheaves over a certain algebraic stack, and show that this deformation encodes the $E$-based Adams spectral sequence. We describe a symmetric monoidal functor from cellular motivic spectra over the complex numbers into an even variant of synthetic spectra based on $MU$ and show that it induces an equivalence between the $\infty$-categories of $p$-complete objects for all primes $p$. In particular, it follows that the $p$-complete cellular motivic category can be described purely in terms of chromatic homotopy theory.