Surface code logical operations on a superconducting quantum processor
Abstract
Fault-tolerant quantum computation requires logical operations that manipulate encoded information while preserving quantum error-correction protection. In planar surface-code architectures, code deformation and lattice surgery provide a local, measurement-based route to such operations. Here we experimentally realize key elements of patch-based surface-code logical processing on a 107-qubit superconducting quantum processor. We first implement a reusable primitive layer comprising merge and split, patch expansion and shrinkage, and deformations mediated by domain walls and twist defects. We then compose these primitives to realize logical state routing, the logical controlled-NOT gate, and the single-qubit Hadamard and phase gates, which together form a Clifford-generating set. All operations are implemented on distance-three rotated surface-code patches with multi-round syndrome extraction and neural-network decoding, without post-selection. Our results advance superconducting surface-code experiments from protected logical memory to active, patch-based fault-tolerant logical operations.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2607.01473,
title = {Surface code logical operations on a superconducting quantum processor},
author = {Weiping Lin and Shaojun Guo and Yuwei Ma and Zhengzhong Yi and Kai Zhang and Jiahao Bei and Jianbin Cai and Sirui Cao and Danning Chen and Guoben Chen and Jianguo Chen and Kefu Chen and Xiawei Chen and Zhe Chen and Zhiyuan Chen and Zihua Chen and Wenhao Chu and Hui Deng and Xun Ding and Zhuzhengqi Ding and Yajie Du and Bo Fan and Daojin Fan and Yuanhao Fu and Dongxin Gao and Ming Gong and Jiacheng Gui and Cheng Guo and Lianchen Han and Tan He and Linyin Hong and Yisen Hu and He-Liang Huang and Yong-Heng Huo and Chenyan Jiang and Lei Jiang and Tao Jiang and Wei Jiang and Zuokai Jiang and Dayu Li and Dongdong Li and Jiaqi Li and Jinjin Li and Junyun Li and Shaowei Li and Wei Li and Xu Li and Yuan Li and Yuhuai Li and Futian Liang and Nanxing Liao and Jin Lin and Maliang Liu and Yancheng Liu and Haoxin Lou and Kailiang Nan and Meijuan Nie and Le Niu and Wenyi Peng and Haoran Qian and Hao Rong and Tao Rong and Yanyan Shao and Huiyan Shen and Qiong Shen and Ganlin Song and Hong Su and Feifan Su and Chenyin Sun and De Sun and Liangchao Sun and Tianzuo Sun and Yingxiu Sun and Yimeng Tan and Jun Tan and Shibiao Tang and Yueyang Tang and Wenbing Tu and Jiafei Wang and Biao Wang and Chang Wang and Chen Wang and Chu Wang and Jian Wang and Rui Wang and Shengtao Wang and Xinzhe Wang and Zhi Wang and Zuolin Wei and Gang Wu and Yulin Wu and Hongjun Xia and Shouzhong Xia and Shiyong Xie and Zhilin Xie and Liang Xiong and Jianping Xu and Yan Xu and Yu Xu and Chun Xue and Kai Yan and Xin Yan and Weifeng Yang and Xinpeng Yang and Yang Yang and Yicheng Yang and Yangsen Ye and Zhenping Ye and Jianghan Yin and Chong Ying and Jiale Yu and Qinjing Yu and Chen Zha and Shaoyu Zhan and Cha Zhang and Fang Zhang and Haibin Zhang and He Zhang and Huanmei Zhang and Kaili Zhang and Qipeng Zhang and Shijia Zhang and Wen Zhang and Xin Zhang and Yiming Zhang and Yongzhuo Zhang and Ziying Zhang and Guming Zhao and Xintao Zhao and Youwei Zhao and Zhong Zhao and Luyuan Zheng and Fei Zhou and Liang Zhou and Naibin Zhou and Chengjun Zhu and Qingling Zhu and Yongsheng Zhu and Guihong Zou and Haonan Zou and Qiang Zhang and Chao-Yang Lu and Jianxin Chen and Cheng-Zhi Peng and Fusheng Chen and XiaoBo Zhu and Jian-Wei Pan},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.01473},
year = {2026}
}