English

Structured Memory for Edge Language Models: Persistent Context and Corpus Retrieval via O(1) SSM State Injection

Machine Learning 2026-08-03 v1 Artificial Intelligence Information Retrieval

Abstract

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) imposes a prefill cost proportional to retrieved context length, and -- with Transformer backbones -- a KV-cache that grows with each generated token. State-Space Models (SSMs) avoid the second cost by construction; we eliminate the first, collapsing prefill from O(Lcontext)O(L_{context}) to O(1)O(1) per query. We introduce PRECOG (Pre-Computed Context Injection), a retrieval mechanism that exploits a property unique to SSMs: the fixed-size, position-agnostic recurrent hidden state is a complete summary of everything the model has read. PRECOG pre-encodes document corpora offline as SSM hidden states and injects the best-matching state directly at query time, bypassing in-context re-ingestion entirely. The same state-injection mechanism enables SMC (Structured Memory Consolidation): a hierarchical persistent memory with cognitive-domain clustering, an adjustable fidelity-vs-storage dial, and O(1)O(1) session initialization, which consolidates short-term episodic states into long-term semantic memory and fuses both with retrieved corpus states at query time. We demonstrate the system on TENNs-LLM, a 1.2B-parameter gated-SSM language model with a 192 KB hidden state. PRECOG matches in-context RAG answer quality, reducing prefill latency from \sim27 s to <<6 ms on edge hardware -- a \sim4500×\times speedup that crosses the threshold from unusable to interactive. The mechanism is architecturally impossible for Transformer KV-caches, which are position-entangled and grow linearly with context length.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2608.02560,
  title  = {Structured Memory for Edge Language Models: Persistent Context and Corpus Retrieval via O(1) SSM State Injection},
  author = {Anusha Madan Gopal and Aras Pirbadian and Kristofor D. Carlson and M Anthony Lewis and Jonathan Tapson},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.02560},
  year   = {2026}
}