Strong-$CP$ with and without gravity

Conventionally, the strong-$CP$ problem is assumed to be a naturalness puzzle, with the axion solution sometimes viewed as an ad hoc fix. Gravity is either ignored or taken as a threat for the global Peccei-Quinn symmetry. We explain that the situation is fundamentally different. In gravity, axion is a matter of consistency imposed by the $S$-matrix: Each gauge sector must include axion with exact relaxation of the corresponding $\bar{\theta}$. We show that this favors an alternative and remarkably simple formulation of the axion, fully fixed by the gauge redundancy of QCD, without involvement of a global symmetry. The axion mechanism is a Higgs effect for the QCD $3$-form, ensuring that physics is independent of $\bar{\theta}$ to all orders in operator expansion. A near-future experimental detection of the neutron EDM will be an unambiguous signal of $CP$-violating physics beyond the Standard Model. The axion coupling is tied to the scale of gravity.