While large language models excel at factual adaptation, their ability to internalize nuanced philosophical frameworks under severe data constraints remains underexplored. We investigate this by specializing small LLMs on micro-datasets of foundational Stoic texts using preference optimization (ORPO, AlphaPO). Evaluated via a multi-model critic bank, our results show that just 300 high-fidelity examples can induce strong alignment with inward-facing Stoic virtues, closely approaching few-shot prompting while freeing the context window. Critically, however, all models, including few-shot baselines, exhibit a persistent failure on Stoicism's outward-facing cosmopolitan duties, pointing to a representational limitation of small models that micro-dataset adaptation alone cannot overcome.
@article{arxiv.2605.11483,
title = {StoicLLM: Preference Optimization for Philosophical Alignment in Small Language Models},
author = {Ishmam Khan and Sindhuja Thogarrati and Shuo Zhang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.11483},
year = {2026}
}