The Chinese Space Station Survey Telescope (CSST) aims to map the universe across an unprecedented dynamic range of stellar densities, spanning from extragalactic voids to the crowded Galactic center (e.g. a few stars and galaxies in the voids and >105 stars per detector in Galactic center). However, processing such heterogeneous data with a general source extraction pipeline introduces significant systematic uncertainties, standard algorithms exhibit poor accuracy in crowded fields and suffer from increased astrometric uncertainty in void regions. To mitigate these systematics, we propose a hierarchical, two-stage deep learning model for adaptive data reduction. The first stage ('classification') employs a ResNet-34 model to classify images into six discrete density categories, achieving 98.83% in global accuracy. This classification acts as a critical decision gate, ensuring high calibration accuracy in the crowded fields. In the second stage ('regression'), a ResNet-50 regression model predicts the bright stars (<23.5 mag) in the field, which is essential for astrometric calibration, achieving a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0824 dex. By decoupling density characterization from source extraction, our model ensures that photometric and astrometric algorithms are optimally matched to the stellar density environment, thereby enhancing the fidelity and homogeneity of CSST as well as future large sky survey data products.
@article{arxiv.2605.17445,
title = {Stellar Density Classification and Regression for CSST Multi-color Imaging Using Deep Learning},
author = {Jinzhi Lai and Man I Lam and Jianjun Chen and Xin Zhang and Hao Tian and Xiaohan Chen and Jialu Nie and Ming Yang and Chao Liu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.17445},
year = {2026}
}