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SpotIt+: Verification-based Text-to-SQL Evaluation with Database Constraints

Databases 2026-05-13 v3 Artificial Intelligence Logic in Computer Science Programming Languages

Abstract

We present SpotIt+, an open-source tool for evaluating Text-to-SQL systems via bounded equivalence verification. Given a generated SQL query and the ground truth, SpotIt+ actively searches for database instances that differentiate the two queries. To ensure that the generated counterexamples reflect practically relevant discrepancies, we introduce a best-effort constraint-mining pipeline that combines rule-based specification mining with LLM-based validation over example databases. Experimental results on the BIRD dataset show that the mined constraints enable SpotIt+ to generate more realistic differentiating databases, while preserving its ability to efficiently uncover numerous discrepancies between generated and gold SQL queries that are missed by standard test-based evaluation.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2603.04334,
  title  = {SpotIt+: Verification-based Text-to-SQL Evaluation with Database Constraints},
  author = {Andrew Tremante and Yang He and Rocky Klopfenstein and Yuepeng Wang and Nina Narodytska and Haoze Wu},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.04334},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T11:03:31.205Z