The unusual magnetoelectric effects observed in the multiferroic phase arising below TN=6.7K in Ba2CoGe2O7 (BCG) are related to the spontaneous toroidal moment existing in this compound. The transition to the multiferroic state, which involves spontaneous magnetization, polarization and toroidal moment gives rise to spontaneous toroidic effects. These effects produce specific contributions to the spontaneous polarization and magnetization under applied magnetic or electric fields which provide indirect indications of the existence and role of the toroidal moment in multiferroic materials. The toroidic contribution to the electric polarization in BCG is shown to result from single-ion effects.
@article{arxiv.1012.0785,
title = {Spontaneous toroidic effects in Ba2CoGe2O7},
author = {Pierre Toledano and Dmitry D. Khalyavin and Laurent C. Chapon},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1012.0785},
year = {2010}
}