Context: High contrast imaging is a powerful technique to detect and characterize planetary companions at large orbital separations from their parent stars. Aims: We aim at studying the limiting magnitude of the VLT/SPHERE Adaptive Optics system and the corresponding instrument performance for faint targets (G ≥ 11.0 mag). Methods: We computed coronagraphic H-band raw contrast at 300 [mas] and FWHM of the non-coronagraphic PSF, for a total of 111 different stars observed between 2016 and 2022 with IRDIS. For this, we processed a large number of individual frames that were obtained under different atmospheric conditions. We then compared the resulting raw contrast and the PSF shape as a function of the visible wave front sensor instant flux which scales with the G-band stellar magnitude. We repeated this analysis for the top 10\% and 30\% best turbulence conditions in Cerro Paranal. Results: We found a strong decrease in the coronagraphic achievable contrast for star fainter than G ∼ 12.5 mag, even under the best atmospheric conditions. In this regime, the AO correction is dominated by the read-out noise of the WFS detector. In particular we found roughly a factor ten decrease in the raw contrast ratio between stars with G ∼ 12.5 and G ∼ 14.0 mag. Similarly, we observe a sharp increase in the FWHM of the non-coronagraphic PSF beyond G ∼ 12.5 mag, and a corresponding decrease in the strehl ratio from ∼ 50\% to ∼ 20\% for the faintest stars. Although these trend are observed for the two turbulence categories, the decrease in the contrast ratio and PSF sharpness is more pronounced for poorer conditions.
@article{arxiv.2204.11746,
title = {SPHERE adaptive optics performance for faint targets},
author = {M. I. Jones and J. Milli and I. Blanchard and Z. Wahhaj and R. de Rosa and C. Romero},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.11746},
year = {2022}
}