This study introduces a novel data-driven framework and the first-ever county-scale application of Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks (STGNN) to forecast composite sustainability indices from herd-level operational records. The methodology employs a novel, end-to-end pipeline utilizing a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) to augment Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (ICBF) datasets, preserving joint distributions while mitigating sparsity. A first-ever pillar-based scoring formulation is derived via Principal Component Analysis, identifying Reproductive Efficiency, Genetic Management, Herd Health, and Herd Management, to construct weighted composite indices. These indices are modelled using a novel STGNN architecture that explicitly encodes geographic dependencies and non-linear temporal dynamics to generate multi-year forecasts for 2026-2030.
@article{arxiv.2512.19970,
title = {Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Networks for Dairy Farm Sustainability Forecasting and Counterfactual Policy Analysis},
author = {Surya Jayakumar and Kieran Sullivan and John McLaughlin and Christine O'Meara and Indrakshi Dey},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.19970},
year = {2025}
}