Human motion provides rich priors for training general-purpose humanoid control policies, but raw demonstrations are often incompatible with a robot's kinematics and dynamics, limiting their direct use. We present a two-stage pipeline for generating natural and dynamically feasible motion references from task-space human data. First, we convert human motion into a unified robot description format (URDF)-based skeleton representation and calibrate it to the target humanoid's dimensions. By aligning the underlying skeleton structure rather than heuristically modifying task-space targets, this step significantly reduces inverse kinematics error and tuning effort. Second, we refine the retargeted trajectories through progressive kinodynamic trajectory optimization (TO), solved in three stages: kinematic TO, inverse dynamics, and full kinodynamic TO, each warm-started from the previous solution. The final result yields dynamically consistent state trajectories and joint torque profiles, providing high-quality references for learning-based controllers. Together, skeleton calibration and kinodynamic TO enable the generation of natural, physically consistent motion references across diverse humanoid platforms.
@article{arxiv.2603.11480,
title = {SPARK: Skeleton-Parameter Aligned Retargeting on Humanoid Robots with Kinodynamic Trajectory Optimization},
author = {Hanwen Wang and Qiayuan Liao and Bike Zhang and Kunzhao Ren and Koushil Sreenath and Xiaobin Xiong},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.11480},
year = {2026}
}