Some results related to Macaulay's Theorem about Hilbert functions and applications

Let $I$ be a homogeneous ideal in the polynomial ring $R = k[z_1, \cdots, z_n]$ , where $k$ is an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Macaulay's Theorem provides constraints on the Hilbert function of $I$ or $R/I$ from one degree to the next. Nowadays, the standard quotation of Macaulay's theorem is $H_{R/I}(d + 1) \le H_{R/I}(d)^{\langle d\rangle}$, which is regarding the quotient $R/I$ and the combinatorial computation in the formula involves the number $d$ explicitly. However, the origin statement of Macaulay is in fact regarding the Hilbert function of $I$ itself and the relevant combinatorics explicitly involves the number of variables (i.e. $n$) and does not depend on $d$. In this paper, we provide an elementary proof of the equivalence between these two versions of Macaulay's theorem. The original degree-independent version is more suitable for problems such as those involving sums of polynomial squared norms. Motivated by the Hermitian analogue of Hilbert's 17th problem and proper holomorphic mappings between complex unit balls, some questions lead to the study of Hermitian polynomials $M(z, \bar{z}) \in \mathbb{C}[z_1, \ldots, z_n, \bar{z}_1, \ldots, \bar{z}_n]$ satisfying $M(z, \bar{z})\|z\|^{2l} = \|h\|^2$ for some $l$ and a holomorphic mapping $h = (h_1, \cdots, h_R)$ . Using Macaulay's Theorem, we derive new inequalities relating $n$, $l$, the signature $(p, q)$ of the coefficient matrix of $M(z, \bar{z})$ , and $R$ (the rank of $M(z, \bar{z})\|z\|^{2l}$ ) and extend these results to norms of arbitrary signatures, which hold uniformly for all bidegrees of $M(z, \bar{z})$.