Multi-shell fullerenes "buckyonions" were simulated, starting from initially random configurations, using a density-functional-theory (DFT)-trained machine-learning carbon potential within the Gaussian Approximation Potential (ML-GAP) Framework [Volker L. Deringer and Gabor Csanyi, Phys. Rev. B 95, 094203 (2017)]. A large set of such fullerenes were obtained with sizes ranging from 60 ~ 3774 atoms. The buckyonions are formed by clustering and layering starts from the outermost shell and proceed inward. Inter-shell cohesion is partly due to interaction between delocalized π electrons into the gallery. The energies of the models were validated ex post facto using density functional codes, VASP and SIESTA, revealing an energy difference within the range of 0.02 - 0.08 eV/atom after conjuagte gradient energy convergence of the models were achieved with both methods.
@article{arxiv.2208.06462,
title = {Simulation of multi-shell fullerenes using Machine-Learning Gaussian Approximation Potential},
author = {C. Ugwumadu and K. Nepal and R. Thapa and Y. G. Lee and Y. Al Majali and J. Trembly and D. A. Drabold},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.06462},
year = {2022}
}