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Signed circulants at the Ramanujan bound

Combinatorics 2026-07-19 v1 Discrete Mathematics Spectral Theory

Abstract

For the circulant graph Cn(1,2)C_n(1,2) with n10n\ge10 even, the \F2\F_2 system requiring every quadrilateral to be unbalanced is consistent and its solutions form exactly four switching classes. We show that the class containing the signing which is +1+1 on step-11 edges and (1)i(-1)^i on step-22 edges has spectrum {±2cos2θk+cos22θk}\{\pm2\sqrt{\cos^2\theta_k+\cos^2 2\theta_k}\} and spectral radius exactly 222\sqrt2, well below the Kesten bound 232\sqrt3; that the quadrilateral system is equivalent to alternating triangle fluxes, so that the four classes are coordinatized by (τ0,α)(\tau_0,\alpha) and the spectral radius depends only on the Hamilton-cycle holonomy α\alpha; and that the two twisted classes attain ρ(n)=2cos2(π/n)+cos2(2π/n)<22\rho_-(n)=2\sqrt{\cos^2(\pi/n)+\cos^2(2\pi/n)}<2\sqrt2. Exhaustive enumeration of all 2n+12^{n+1} switching classes for n{8,10,12,14,16,18}n\in\{8,10,12,14,16,18\} shows that ρ(n)\rho_-(n) is the global minimum in every case, and we conjecture this for all even nn; the lower bound is a flux-minimization statement in the sense of Lieb's flux-phase theorem. For odd nn the quadrilateral system is inconsistent.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.18334,
  title  = {Signed circulants at the Ramanujan bound},
  author = {Vaibhav Suvagiya},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.18334},
  year   = {2026}
}

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4 pages