Semi-supervised learning has been employed to alleviate the need for extensive labeled data for histopathology image segmentation, but existing methods struggle with noisy pseudo-labels due to ambiguous gland boundaries and morphological misclassification. This paper introduces Semi-MOE, to the best of our knowledge, the first multi-task Mixture-of-Experts framework for semi-supervised histopathology image segmentation. Our approach leverages three specialized expert networks: A main segmentation expert, a signed distance field regression expert, and a boundary prediction expert, each dedicated to capturing distinct morphological features. Subsequently, the Multi-Gating Pseudo-labeling module dynamically aggregates expert features, enabling a robust fuse-and-refine pseudo-labeling mechanism. Furthermore, to eliminate manual tuning while dynamically balancing multiple learning objectives, we propose an Adaptive Multi-Objective Loss. Extensive experiments on GlaS and CRAG benchmarks show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in low-label settings, highlighting the potential of MoE-based architectures in advancing semi-supervised segmentation. Our code is available at https://github.com/vnlvi2k3/Semi-MoE.
@article{arxiv.2509.13834,
title = {Semi-MoE: Mixture-of-Experts meets Semi-Supervised Histopathology Segmentation},
author = {Nguyen Lan Vi Vu and Thanh-Huy Nguyen and Thien Nguyen and Daisuke Kihara and Tianyang Wang and Xingjian Li and Min Xu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.13834},
year = {2025}
}