SeeingGAN: Galactic image deblurring with deep learning for better morphological classification of galaxies

Classification of galactic morphologies is a crucial task in galactic astronomy, and identifying fine structures of galaxies (e.g., spiral arms, bars, and clumps) is an essential ingredient in such a classification task. However, seeing effects can cause images we obtain to appear blurry, making it difficult for astronomers to derive galaxies' physical properties and, in particular, distant galaxies. Here, we present a method that converts blurred images obtained by the ground-based Subaru Telescope into quasi Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images via machine learning. Using an existing deep learning method called generative adversarial networks (GANs), we can eliminate seeing effects, effectively resulting in an image similar to an image taken by the HST. Using multiple Subaru telescope image and HST telescope image pairs, we demonstrate that our model can augment fine structures present in the blurred images in aid for better and more precise galactic classification. Using our first of its kind machine learning-based deblurring technique on space images, we can obtain up to 18% improvement in terms of CW-SSIM (Complex Wavelet Structural Similarity Index) score when comparing the Subaru-HST pair versus SeeingGAN-HST pair. With this model, we can generate HST-like images from relatively less capable telescopes, making space exploration more accessible to the broader astronomy community. Furthermore, this model can be used not only in professional morphological classification studies of galaxies but in all citizen science for galaxy classifications.