Scattering of electromagnetic waves by small impedance particles of an arbitrary shape

An explicit formula is derived for the electromagnetic (EM) field scattered by one small impedance particle $D$ of an arbitrary shape. If $a$ is the characteristic size of the particle, $\lambda$ is the wavelength, $a<<\lambda$ and $\zeta$ is the boundary impedance of $D$, $[N,[E,N]]=\zeta [N,H]$ on $S$, where $S$ is the surface of the particle, $N$ is the unit outer normal to $S$, and $E$, $H$ is the EM field, then the scattered field is $E_{sc}=[\nabla g(x,x_1), Q]$. Here $g(x,y)=\frac{e^{ik|x-y|}}{4\pi |x-y|}$, $k$ is the wave number, $x_1\in D$ is an arbitrary point, and $Q=-\frac{\zeta |S|}{i\omega \mu}\tau \nabla \times E_0$, where $E_0$ is the incident field, $|S|$ is the area of $S$, $\omega$ is the frequency, $\mu$ is the magnetic permeability of the space exterior to $D$, and $\tau$ is a tensor which is calculated explicitly. The scattered field is $O(|\zeta| a^2)>> O(a^3)$ as $a\to 0$ when $\lambda$ is fixed and $\zeta$ does not depend on $a$. Thus, $|E_{sc}|$ is much larger than the classical value $O(a^3)$ for the field scattered by a small particle. It is proved that the effective field in the medium, in which many small particles are embedded, has a limit as $a\to 0$ and the number $M=M(a)$ of the particles tends to $\infty$ at a suitable rate. Thislimit solves a linear integral equation. The refraction coefficient of the limiting medium is calculated analytically. This yields a recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient.