English

Scalable LLM Agent Tool Access in the Cloud

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing 2026-07-17 v1 Artificial Intelligence Networking and Internet Architecture

Abstract

LLM agents increasingly rely on tool calling to act on external systems, and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has quickly become its de facto interface. Operating MCP at cloud scale, however, becomes difficult. On the tool provider side, legacy services are not directly callable through MCP; the rapid protocol development also creates ongoing compatibility cost. On the agent side, the number of accessible tool is limited by the LLM context window and inference overhead; mounting a large tool set increases token usage and inference latency and can reduce task success rate. Moreover, for stateful MCP backends with multiple replicas, preserving session affinity increases client-side complexity. We present a cloud-scale gateway system for MCP service. It breaks the direct-connect model on the data plane and offloads legacy service integration, consolidating incompatible MCP variants, access control, tool recommendation, and session-aware routing to the gateway. Hybrid retrieval sustains 98% Top-15 recall; it scales agent tool access to 3,000+ with high tool selection accuracy, and reduces tool selection time by 8.9×8.9\times and token usage by 23.8×23.8\times, with low per-call overhead, stable under scale-out. Finally, we share the lessons learned from deploying the gateway system in production.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.15593,
  title  = {Scalable LLM Agent Tool Access in the Cloud},
  author = {Mingxin Li and Enge Song and Yueshang Zuo and Xiaodong Liu and Rong Wen and Qiang Fu and Gianni Antichi and Jian He and Jing Tie and Zhou Shao and Xiaobo Xue and Xiong Xiao and Luyao Zhong and Shaokai Zhang and Jiangu Zhao and Jianyuan Lu and Shize Zhang and Xiaoqing Sun and Changgang Zheng and Zihao Fan and Haonan Li and Tian Pan and Xiaomin Wu and Yang Song and Xing Li and Biao Lyu and Meng Li and Haipeng Dai and Guihai Chen and Shunmin Zhu},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.15593},
  year   = {2026}
}