English

Same Geometry, Opposite Noise: Transformer Magnitude Representations Lack Scalar Variability

Computation and Language 2026-04-07 v1 Quantitative Methods

Abstract

Scalar variability -- the finding that representational noise scales proportionally with magnitude, producing a constant coefficient of variation -- is a hallmark of biological magnitude systems. We tested whether transformer language models exhibit this property by analysing the dispersion of hidden-state representations across carrier sentences for 26 numerical magnitudes in three 7-8B parameter models (Llama-3-8B-Instruct, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3, Llama-3-8B-Base; data from Cacioli, 2026). We found the opposite: representational variability decreased with magnitude along the magnitude axis (scaling exponent alpha approx -0.19; 0/16 primary layers with alpha > 0, all three models). The negative sign was consistent in full-dimensional space (alpha approx -0.04) and after sentence-identity correction (alpha approx -0.007). The anti-scalar pattern was 3-5x stronger along the magnitude axis than orthogonal dimensions, and corpus frequency strongly predicted per-magnitude variability (rho = .84). These results demonstrate that distributional learning alone is insufficient to produce scalar variability: transformers reproduce log-compressive magnitude geometry but not the constant-CV noise signature observed in biological systems.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.04469,
  title  = {Same Geometry, Opposite Noise: Transformer Magnitude Representations Lack Scalar Variability},
  author = {Jon-Paul Cacioli},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.04469},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

7 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. Pre-registered on OSF (osf.io/w4892). Companion to arXiv:2603.20642

R2 v1 2026-07-01T11:55:00.255Z