We propose Spatial-Aware Correlated Multiple Instance Learning (SAC-MIL) for performing WSI classification. SAC-MIL consists of a positional encoding module to encode position information and a SAC block to perform full instance correlations. The positional encoding module utilizes the instance coordinates within the slide to encode the spatial relationships instead of the instance index in the input WSI sequence. The positional encoding module can also handle the length extrapolation issue where the training and testing sequences have different lengths. The SAC block is an MLP-based method that performs full instance correlation in linear time complexity with respect to the sequence length. Due to the simple structure of MLP, it is easy to deploy since it does not require custom CUDA kernels, compared to Transformer-based methods for WSI classification. SAC-MIL has achieved state-of-the-art performance on the CAMELYON-16, TCGA-LUNG, and TCGA-BRAC datasets. The code will be released upon acceptance.
@article{arxiv.2509.03973,
title = {SAC-MIL: Spatial-Aware Correlated Multiple Instance Learning for Histopathology Whole Slide Image Classification},
author = {Yu Bai and Zitong Yu and Haowen Tian and Xijing Wang and Shuo Yan and Lin Wang and Honglin Li and Xitong Ling and Bo Zhang and Zheng Zhang and Wufan Wang and Hui Gao and Xiangyang Gong and Wendong Wang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.03973},
year = {2025}
}