Robust Spacecraft Low-Thrust Trajectory Design: A Chance-Constrained Covariance-Steering Approach

This paper proposes a systematic method for generating practical and robust low-thrust spacecraft trajectories. One contribution is to consider the change in mass of the spacecraft at two levels: a) the propulsive acceleration and b) the intensity of the stochastic disturbances. A covariance variable formulation is considered, which is computationally more efficient than the factorized covariance implementation. The proposed approach is applied to two- (i.e., planar) and three-dimensional heliocentric phases of spacecraft flight from Earth to Mars under the restricted two-body dynamics. The results highlight the importance of keeping track of mass change to generate more realistic, robust trajectories for interplanetary space missions to avoid underestimation of mission risks.