Robust persistence and permanence of polynomial and power law dynamical systems

A persistent dynamical system in $\mathbb{R}^d_{> 0}$ is one whose solutions have positive lower bounds for large $t$, while a permanent dynamical system in $\mathbb{R}^d_{> 0}$ is one whose solutions have uniform upper and lower bounds for large $t$. These properties have important applications for the study of mathematical models in biochemistry, cell biology, and ecology. Inspired by reaction network theory, we define a class of polynomial dynamical systems called tropically endotactic. We show that two-dimensional tropically endotactic polynomial dynamical systems are permanent, irrespective of the values of (possibly time-dependent) parameters in these systems. These results generalize the permanence of two-dimensional reversible, weakly reversible, and endotactic mass action systems.