This study analyzes Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for distribution system state estimation (DSSE) by employing an interpretable Graph Neural Additive Network (GNAN) and by utilizing an edge-conditioned message-passing mechanism. The architectures are benchmarked against the standard Graph Attention Network (GAT) architecture. Multiple SimBench grids with topology changes and various measurement penetration rates were used to evaluate performance. Empirically, GNAN trails GAT in accuracy but serves as a useful probe for graph learning when accompanied with the proposed edge attention mechanism. Together, they demonstrate that incorporating information from distant nodes could improve learning depending on the grid topology and available data. This study advances the state-of-the-art understanding of learning on graphs for the state estimation task and contributes toward reliable GNN-based DSSE prediction technologies.
@article{arxiv.2603.23357,
title = {Robust and Interpretable Graph Neural Networks for Power Systems State Estimation},
author = {Arbel Yaniv and Kilian Golinski and Christoph Goebel},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.23357},
year = {2026}
}