Accurate medical image segmentation requires both long-range contextual reasoning and precise boundary delineation, a task where existing transformer- and diffusion-based paradigms are frequently bottlenecked by quadratic computational complexity and prohibitive inference latency. We propose RF-HiT, a Rectified Flow Hierarchical Transformer that integrates an hourglass transformer backbone with a multi-scale hierarchical encoder for anatomically guided feature conditioning. Unlike prior diffusion-based approaches, RF-HiT leverages rectified flow with efficient transformer blocks to achieve linear complexity while requiring only a few discretization steps. The model further fuses conditioning features across resolutions via learnable interpolation, enabling effective multi-scale representation with minimal computational overhead. As a result, RF-HiT achieves a strong efficiency-performance trade-off, requiring only 10.14 GFLOPs, 13.6M parameters, and inference in as few as three steps. Despite its compact design, RF-HiT attains 91.27% mean Dice on ACDC and 87.40% on BraTS 2021, achieving performance comparable to or exceeding that of significantly more intensive architectures. This demonstrates its strong potential as a robust, computationally efficient foundation for real-time clinical segmentation.
@article{arxiv.2604.19570,
title = {RF-HiT: Rectified Flow Hierarchical Transformer for General Medical Image Segmentation},
author = {Ahmed Marouane Djouama and Abir Belaala and Abdellah Zakaria Sellam and Salah Eddine Bekhouche and Cosimo Distante and Abdenour Hadid},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.19570},
year = {2026}
}