Revealing Excited States of Rotational Bose-Einstein Condensates
Quantum Gases
2023-12-05 v2
Abstract
Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2301.00425,
title = {Revealing Excited States of Rotational Bose-Einstein Condensates},
author = {Jianyuan Yin and Zhen Huang and Yongyong Cai and Qiang Du and Lei Zhang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.00425},
year = {2023}
}