Repr\'esentations modulaires de $\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbf{Q}_p)$ et repr\'esentations galoisiennes de dimension 2

We prove Breuil's conjecture concerning the reduction modulo $p$ of trianguline representations $V$ and of the representations $\Pi(V)$ of $\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbf{Q}_p)$ associated to them by the $p$-adic Langlands correspondence. The main ingredient of the proof is the study of some smooth irreducible representations of $\mathrm{B}(\mathbf{Q}_p)$ through models built using the theory of $(\phi,\Gamma)$-modules.