English

Relaxation of Wegner's Planar Graph Conjecture for maximum degree 4

Combinatorics 2026-02-17 v1

Abstract

The famous Wegner's Planar Graph Conjecture asserts tight upper bounds on the chromatic number of the square G2G^2 of a planar graph GG, depending on the maximum degree Δ(G)\Delta(G) of GG. The only case that the conjecture is resolved is when Δ(G)=3\Delta(G)=3, which was proven to be true by Thomassen, and independently by Hartke, Jahanbekam, and Thomas. For Δ(G)=4\Delta(G)=4, Wegner's Planar Graph Conjecture states that the chromatic number of G2G^2 is at most 9; even this case is still widely open, and very recently Bousquet, de Meyer, Deschamps, and Pierron claimed an upper bound of 12. We take a completely different approach, and show that a relaxation of properly coloring the square of a planar graph GG with Δ(G)=4\Delta(G)=4 can be achieved with 9 colors. Instead of requiring every color in the neighborhood of a vertex to be unique, which is equivalent to a proper coloring of G2G^2, we seek a proper coloring of GG such that at most one color is allowed to be repeated in the neighborhood of a vertex of degree 4, but nowhere else.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.2212.10643,
  title  = {Relaxation of Wegner's Planar Graph Conjecture for maximum degree 4},
  author = {Eun-Kyung Cho and Ilkyoo Choi and Bernard Lidický},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.10643},
  year   = {2026}
}

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9 pages