Relative $Q$-shaped homological algebra

Exact categories are a natural generalisation of abelian categories and provide a fertile ground to develop relative homological algebra. In this paper, starting from a class of relative Gorenstein projective objects in an exact category $(\mathcal{A},\mathscr{E})$, we define exact model structures on $\mathcal{A}$ and cohomology functors that detect trivial objects and weak equivalences. Moreover, we show that varying the exact structure on $\mathcal{A}$ induces Bousfield (co)localisation sequences between the corresponding homotopy categories. We use these techniques to study the category ${}_{Q,A}\operatorname{Mod}$ of ${}_{A}\operatorname{Mod}$-valued representations, for a ring $A$, of a suitable $\Bbbk$-linear small category $Q$, where we apply our results to a range of objectwise exact structures, ranging from the split exact structure to the abelian one. In particular, we recover the $Q$-shaped derived category of Holm and Jorgensen and construct an intermediate $Q$-shaped homotopy category, analogous to the homotopy category of complexes. Finally, we show that the $Q$-shaped derived category is a Verdier quotient of the $Q$-shaped homotopy category, and that this quotient functor is part of recollement - generalising results of Verdier, Krause, and Iyama-Kato-Miyachi for complexes and $N$-complexes, respectively.