Recent works have demonstrated the effectiveness of adapting pre-trained language models (LMs) for forecasting time series in the low-data regime. We build upon these findings by analyzing the effective transfer from language models to time series forecasting under various design choices including upstream post-training, time series tokenizer and language backbone size. In the low-data regime, these design choices have a significant impact on the validation loss, with clear-cut choices that outperform others. Contrary to Hernandez et al. (2021), we observe that the validation loss of the LMs continues to smoothly decrease long after the validation loss of the randomly initialized models has converged, leading to a non-vanishing transfer gap that holds across design choices. These findings not only help shed light on the effective use of compute-efficient training for time series, but also open the way for the study of modality-agnostic properties of data distributions leveraged by these models.
@article{arxiv.2506.21570,
title = {Random Initialization Can't Catch Up: The Advantage of Language Model Transfer for Time Series Forecasting},
author = {Roland Riachi and Kashif Rasul and Arjun Ashok and Prateek Humane and Alexis Roger and Andrew R. Williams and Yuriy Nevmyvaka and Irina Rish},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.21570},
year = {2025}
}