Quelques m\'ethodes pour les mots sturmiens

In this book chapter, written in French, we consider the classical family of Sturmian words, defined as the aperiodic infinite words containing only $n+1$ factors of a length $n$, which is the minimal possible value. We will discuss several techniques for Sturmian words which have not been described in monographs. In particular, we will consider the geometric dual method by Berstel and Pocchiola and the link between palindrome factors and Ostrowski numeration systems. We will also discuss a conjecture on palindromic length which was proved on Sturmian words by two completely different methods for two distinct cases.