Qubit encodings in the p-orbital-valley spectrum for enhanced coherence and tunable two-qubit interaction

We propose encoding a qubit in a two-level subspace spanned by the lowest $p$-orbital state in the excited valley of an anisotropic quantum dot and the excited $p$-orbital in the ground valley, which we dub the $pOv$ qubit. There is an avoided crossing between these states due to valley-orbit coupling (VOC) induced by alloy disorder, enabling complete single-qubit control using baseband electrical control of the dot anisotropy. We find that `sweet spots' exist at specific dot orientations where the instantaneous eigenstates are first-order insensitive to charge noise. Using a phenomenological two-level fluctuator (TLF) dipole noise model, we estimate an average dephasing time of $T_2^*\approx 10\,\mu\text{s}$ and a quality factor of $Q\sim 10^4$. Alternatively, encoding in the $p$-orbital states in the ground valley near the isotropic dot point, we show that one can induce a similar sweet spot via an out-of-plane magnetic field. Finally, we find that two-qubit gates for the $pOv$ qubit are mediated by the quadrupole-quadrupole Coulomb interaction and can be electrically tuned from zero to $\sim 1~\text{GHz}$ by adjusting the relative orientation of the anisotropic dots, providing a novel pathway towards scalable quantum computation.