English

Quantum metric quadrupoles in elemental bismuth thin films

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics 2026-07-28 v1 Materials Science

Abstract

The nonlinear transport properties of solids are deeply rooted in the quantum geometry of their electronic wavefunctions, which is encoded in the quantum geometric tensor. Its real part, known as the quantum metric, has been recently identified as a primary origin of nonlinear transport in quantum materials where time-reversal and inversion symmetries are not simultaneously present. Consequently, the influence of the quantum metric on the largest class of materials -- non-magnetic and centrosymmetric systems -- has remained entirely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that third-order transport in centrosymmetric materials hosting relativistic fermions is governed by quantum metric quadrupoles (QMQs). We show that these QMQs can originate from both the non-Abelian quantum geometry of bulk three-dimensional Dirac fermions and the Abelian quantum geometry of spin-orbit-coupled surface states. In stark contrast to all zero-field nonlinear transport signatures known to date, the current driven by these QMQs persists as a robust, non-vanishing observable even in highly scalable polycrystalline thin films. We experimentally validate this quantum metric footprint by measuring nonlinear transport in thin films of elemental bismuth, observing a robust, surface-dominated, and broadband third-harmonic generation that persists up to room temperature. Our findings uncover a hidden role of the quantum metric in polycrystalline systems, establishing third-order nonlinear transport as a high-precision diagnostic tool of wavefunction geometry under ambient conditions.

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.25725,
  title  = {Quantum metric quadrupoles in elemental bismuth thin films},
  author = {Rhonald Burgos Atencia and Pavlo Makushko and Gabriele Naselli and Debottam Mandal and Paul Chekhonin and Sergey Kovalev and Steffen Kober and Zhe Wang and Igor Veremchuk and Oleksiy Pashkin and Fabian Ganss and Maria Teresa Mercaldo and Denys Makarov and Carmine Ortix},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.25725},
  year   = {2026}
}