English

Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six with Cardinalities Nineteen, Twenty-One, and Twenty-Three

Combinatorics 2026-07-13 v1

Abstract

We give three explicit quantum Latin squares of order 66 with cardinalities 1919, 2121, and 2323, where vectors differing only by a global phase are counted as identical. The first two examples arise from normalized Schur products of columns of complex Hadamard matrices. For cardinality 1919, a Butson-type matrix over eighth roots of unity has the unique nontrivial coincidence v01=v25=v34v_{01}=v_{25}=v_{34}. For cardinality 2121, an explicit member of Karlsson's three-parameter family has 2121 pairwise inequivalent unordered Schur products. To exceed the symmetric Schur-product bound, we give a third, direct-sum construction based on the decomposition \C6=\C4\oplusC2\C^6=\C^4\oplusC^2. It uses nineteen distinct rays in the four-dimensional summand and four rays in the two-dimensional summand, arranged so that every row and column is an orthonormal basis, yielding cardinality 2323. Together with our earlier constructions of cardinalities 1313, 1515, and 1717 and previously known order-six examples, these results determine every cardinality in the interval 6c246\leq c\leq24, with the sole exception of the impossible value c=7c=7.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2607.11800,
  title  = {Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six with Cardinalities Nineteen, Twenty-One, and Twenty-Three},
  author = {Zhipeng Xu},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.11800},
  year   = {2026}
}