Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six with Cardinalities Nineteen, Twenty-One, and Twenty-Three
Abstract
We give three explicit quantum Latin squares of order with cardinalities , , and , where vectors differing only by a global phase are counted as identical. The first two examples arise from normalized Schur products of columns of complex Hadamard matrices. For cardinality , a Butson-type matrix over eighth roots of unity has the unique nontrivial coincidence . For cardinality , an explicit member of Karlsson's three-parameter family has pairwise inequivalent unordered Schur products. To exceed the symmetric Schur-product bound, we give a third, direct-sum construction based on the decomposition . It uses nineteen distinct rays in the four-dimensional summand and four rays in the two-dimensional summand, arranged so that every row and column is an orthonormal basis, yielding cardinality . Together with our earlier constructions of cardinalities , , and and previously known order-six examples, these results determine every cardinality in the interval , with the sole exception of the impossible value .
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2607.11800,
title = {Quantum Latin Squares of Order Six with Cardinalities Nineteen, Twenty-One, and Twenty-Three},
author = {Zhipeng Xu},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.11800},
year = {2026}
}