Quantitative incomplete polynomial approximation and frequently universal Taylor series

Let $(\tau_n)_n$ be a sequence of real numbers in $(1,+\infty)$. Using potential theoretic methods, we prove quantitative results - Bernstein-Walsh type theorems - about uniform approximation by polynomials of the form $\sum_{k=\lfloor \frac{n}{\tau_n} \rfloor}^na_k z^k$, on the union of two disjoint compact sets, one containing 0 and the other not. Moreover, we reveal the interplay between the compact sets and the asymptotic behaviour of the sequence $(\tau_n)_n$. As applications of our results, we prove the existence of frequently universal Taylor series, with respect to the natural and the logarithmic densities, providing solutions to two problems posed by Mouze and Munnier.