Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states
Abstract
We examine the concept of temperature in non-equilibrium steady states. Using the D3-D5 model of gauge/gravity duality, we investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in a relativistic (2+1)-dimensional defect moving at constant velocity within a (3+1)-dimensional heat bath. We find that the dependence of the order parameter on both the heat bath temperature and the defect velocity can be captured by a single variable -- the proper effective temperature -- for the moving defect. Our results suggest that the proper effective temperature is an essential parameter for a class of relativistic non-equilibrium steady states.
Keywords
Cite
@article{arxiv.2502.19157,
title = {Proper effective temperature and order parameters in relativistic non-equilibrium steady states},
author = {Shin Nakamura and Fuminori Okabayashi},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.19157},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
v2: 16 pages, 6 figures. Accepted version for publication in JHEP. A new figure (Fig. 6) and related discussion have been added