Primary Observables for Electroweak Gauge Boson Collider Signals

In this paper, we determine a basis for the on-shell 4-point amplitudes $VVVV$ for Standard Model gauge bosons $V=W^\pm, Z, \gamma, g$. Following previous work, this completes the analysis of 3- and 4-point amplitudes for the Standard Model and could be used for model independent searches for beyond the Standard Model physics at colliders. Our results include a Lagrangian parametrization for the "primary" amplitudes, where including additional derivatives leads to the Mandelstam "descendant" amplitudes, and upper bounds on the coupling constants from imposing unitarity. We also perform an estimate for the sensitivity for new $Z$ decays at the HL-LHC, finding that $Z\to \gamma \bar{\ell}\ell$ could be searched for, but that other decay modes, like $Z\to (\gamma\gamma\gamma, \gamma gg)$, are too small to be discovered after imposing unitarity constraints.