Premixed Flame Dynamics in Narrow 2D Channels

Premixed flames propagating within small channels show complex combustion phenomena that differ from flame propagation at conventional scales. Available experimental and numerical studies have documented stationary/non-stationary and/or asymmetric modes that depend on properties of the incoming reactant flow as well as channel geometry and wall temperatures. The present work seeks to illuminate mechanisms leading to symmetry-breaking and limit cycle behavior that are fundamental to these combustion modes. Specifically, four cases of lean premixed methane/air combustion -- two equivalence ratios (0.53 and 0.7) and two channel widths (2 and 5mm) -- are investigated in a 2D configuration with constant channel length and bulk inlet velocity, where numerical simulations are performed using detailed chemistry. External wall heating is simulated by imposing a linear temperature gradient as a boundary condition on both walls. In the 2mm-channel, both equivalence ratios produce flames that stabilize with symmetric flame fronts after propagating upstream. In the 5mm-channel, flame fronts start symmetric, although symmetry is broken almost immediately after ignition. Further, 5mm channels produce instationary combustion modes with dramatically different limit cycles: : in the leaner case ({\phi} = 0.53), the asymmetric flame front flops periodically, whereas in the richer case ({\phi} = 0.7), flames with repetitive extinctions and ignitions (FREI) are observed. In order to provide insights into mechanisms responsible for flame dynamics, reaction fronts and flame fronts are captured and differentiated. Results show that the loss of flame front symmetry originates in a region where negative stretch rates close to the flame cusp show large gradients/curvatures; thus, symmetry-breaking is attributed to a hydrodynamic instability. Limit cycle behavior is [...]